The study shows that there may be more than 16,000 reptile species on Earth, of which only about 12,000 have been formally described, including this hump-nosed viper from India. (John J. Wiens via SWNS)
By Stephen Beech
New species are being discovered faster than ever before - at a rate of more than 16,000 every year, suggests a new study.
And the trend shows no sign of slowing with scientists predicting that the biodiversity among some groups - such as plants, fungi, arachnids, fish and amphibians - is richer than originally believed.
Around 300 years ago, Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus set out to identify and name every living organism on Earth.
Now celebrated as the father of modern taxonomy, he developed the binomial naming system and described more than 10,000 species of plants and animals.
Since his time, scientists have continued to describe new species in the quest to uncover Earth's biodiversity.
The new study, led by scientists at the University of Arizona, shows new species are being discovered at a quicker rate than ever, one far exceeding extinction.
And 15% of all known species have been discovered within the last 20 years, according to the findings published in the journal Science Advances.
Study senior author Professor John Wiens said: "Some scientists have suggested that the pace of new species descriptions has slowed down and that this indicates that we are running out of new species to discover, but our results show the opposite.
Among the approximately 16,000 new species described every year, roughly 6,000 are insects. Pictured here is a lanternfly from India. (John J. Wiens via SWNS)
"In fact, we're finding new species at a faster rate than ever before."
The Arizona team analyzed the taxonomic histories of around two million species, spanning all groups of living organisms.
Between 2015 and 2020 – the most recent period with comprehensive data – researchers documented an average of more than 16,000 new species each year, including more than 10,000 animals - dominated by arthropods and insects, plus 2,500 plants and 2,000 fungi.
Wiens said: "Our good news is that this rate of new species discovery far outpaces the rate of species extinctions, which we calculated to about 10 per year.
"These thousands of newly found species each year are not just microscopic organisms, but include insects, plants, fungi and even hundreds of new vertebrates."
Scientists are describing more species per year than at any point in history, according to the findings.
The team also analyzed the rates of new species appearing over time to project how many species will be discovered and described in the future.
For example, they projected that there may be as many as 115,000 fish species and 41,000 amphibian species, even though there are only about 42,000 fish and 9,000 amphibian species described now.
On average, more than 100 new reptile species are described each year. Here is a helmeted lizard in Costa Rica. (John J. Wiens via SWNS)
The researchers also projected that the final number of plant species might be over 500,000.
Wiens said: "As the famous ecologist Robert May said, if visiting aliens asked us how many species live on our planet, we would have no definitive answer.
"Right now, we know of about 2.5 million species, but the true number may be in the tens or hundreds of millions or even the low billions."
For now, the scientists predict that the discovery rate of new living things will continue to increase.
For instance, scientists have currently identified around 1.1 million insect species, yet many scientists believe that the true number is somewhere around six million.
Wiens suggested, in a previous paper, it could even be around the 20 million mark.
He said: "Right now, most new species are identified by visible traits.
"But as molecular tools improve, we will uncover even more cryptic species - organisms distinguishable only on a genetic level.
"This is especially promising for revealing more unique bacteria and fungi.
"Discovering new species is important because these species can't be protected until they're scientifically described.
"Documentation is the first step in conservation – we can't safeguard a species from extinction if we don't know it exists."
(Photo by Chris G via Pexels)
Wiens says the discovery of new species also contributes to finding new natural products for human benefit.
Some examples of natural products include popular weight-loss drugs such as Mounjaro , inspired by a hormone found in Gila monsters.
Spider and snake venoms plus many plants and fungi also contain natural products with potential medicinal applications, including treatments for pain and cancer.
Beyond medicine, Wiens says many species have adaptations that can inspire human inventions, such as materials mimicking the "super-clinging" feet that allow geckos to climb up vertical surfaces.
He said: "We're still just scratching the surface of what these species can do for humanity."
The Arizona team plan to map where most new species are commonly found to identify geographic "hotspots" for undiscovered biodiversity.
Wiens added: "Even though Linnaeus' quest to identify species began 300 years ago, 15% of all known species have been discovered in just the past 20 years.
"So much remains unknown, and each new discovery brings us closer to understanding and protecting the incredible biodiversity of life on our planet."
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